490-497, 2004. To revisit the study by Ritz et al., [9], BIA was unable to accurately assess changes in body composition when compared to the four-compartment model. As the electrical conductivity is different between various bodily tissues (e.g. To improve the accuracy of BIA, researchers created empirical equations using empirical data (gender, age, ethnicity) to predict a user's body composition. [6] For example, moderate intensity exercise for 90–120 minutes before BIA measurements causes nearly a 12 kg overestimation of fat-free mass, i.e. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. hand-to-hand, leg-to-leg, supine vs. standing, etc.). [2], Although the instruments are straightforward to use, careful attention to the method of use (as described by the manufacturer) should be given. Having said that, the development of an equation for athletic populations that is validated against the gold-standard four-compartment model may improve the validity of the measure. [24], "Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling", "Bioelectrical impedance: effect of 3 identical meals on diurnal impedance variation and calculation of body composition", "Clinical characteristics influencing bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements", "Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies? Potentially of greater concern to practitioners considering the use of BIA to determine body composition in the applied setting, are the individual error rates of BIA, rather than data on group means. A. Sedensky, “Bioelectrical impedance during renal dialysis,” Nephrology Dialysis Transportation, vol. 4, pp. 19, no. Sun et al., [7] validated BIA equations using the four-compartment model and reported that the equation was sufficient for use in epidemiological research studies to assess populations with normal levels of body composition. Methodological limitations of BIA may affect the ability of the method to accurately determine body composition. 75, no. muscle, fat, bone, etc.) 4, pp. Terms of Use Deurenberg, J. BIA is able to make an estimation of body composition (e.g. BIA monitors actually measure the total body water in a person’s body. The validity (the agreement between the true value and a measurement value) of body composition is key to determine the precision of BIA measurement, and its suitability for clinical use. due to their variation in water content, the small electrical current passes through the tissues at different speeds. 77, pp. In contrast, bone and adipose tissue are dielectric substances and are poor conductors [4]. They speculated that changes in glycogen stores, and the loss of water bound to glycogen molecules, may affect BIA estimates of fat-free mass. BIA[1] actually determines the electrical impedance, or opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues which can then be used to estimate total body water (TBW), which can be used to estimate fat-free body mass and, by difference with body weight, body fat. 649-657, 1996. 4, pp. However, hydration of fat-free mass has been shown to rise to over 77% with increased levels of body fat [22]. 4, pp. Official Partners Buccholz, C. Bartok and D. A. Schoeller, “The Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Models in Clinical Populations,” Nutrition in Clinical Practice, vol. Consequently, it is important that the correct equation is used for the population measured to ensure that any results are valid. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Sun, C. R. French, G. R. Martin, B. Younghusband, R. C. Green, Y. Xie, M. Matthews, J. R. Barron, D. G. Fitzpatrick, W. Gulliver and H. Zhang, “Comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of percentage body fat in a large, healthy population,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. A. Jebb, T. J. Cole, D. Doman, P. R. Murgatroyd and A. M. Prentice, “Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model,” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. Andreoli, G. Melchiorri, S. L. Volpe and A. The primary area for future research in this area is clearly the need for validated BIA equations for athletes in a range of sports and with varying body composition. AN ACCURATE MEASURING OF OVERALL FITNESS. A harmless amount of electrical current is sent through the body, and then the percentage of body fat is calculated. Hand-held BIA machines assess the conductance of a small alternating current through the upper-body and use built-in software to calculate body composition after it has been calibrated with the following variables: weight, height, age, and gender [6]. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. [16], In 1983, Nyober validated the use of whole body electrical impedance to assess body composition.[17]. Video 1. Most of our body water is stored in our muscle. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a commonly used method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The principal of BIA is that the different tissues in the body will act as conductors, semi-conductors, or dielectrics (insulators). 45, p. 865, 1987. In 1986, Lukaski published empirical equations using the impedance index, body weight, and reactance. Without considered interpretation of this result, coaches may question an athlete’s commitment and professionalism if they believe that their body fat has increased drastically over time. Several methods have been used to assess body composition in humans, each with advantages and drawbacks surrounding cost, validity, reliability, and accessibility (for more information on the methods of body composition assessment and their uses, click here). 38-43, 2004. These equations will have an error rate when compared to the hydrostatic weighing method, and thus, this error is multiplied with the original error of the reference method to provide a body composition assessment that may be somewhat distant from the actual values reported using a four-compartment model. Armed with that information, the machine is able to calculate the impedance (i.e. A practical guide to bioelectrical impedance analysis using the example of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Anja Walter-Kroker1, Axel Kroker2, Muriel Mattiucci-Guehlke3 and Thomas Glaab3,4* Abstract Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, inexpensive, quick and non-invasive technique for measuring body composition. [19], However, empirical equations were only useful in predicting the average population's body composition and was inaccurate for medical purposes for populations with diseases. [11] Two-electrode foot-to-foot measurement is less accurate than 4-electrode (feet, hands) and eight-electrode measurement. Other factors which may impact the BIA measurement and should therefore also be standardised are [16]: The standardisation of hydration status is clearly of importance for BIA, as the method is reliant on estimations of total body water to ascertain fat-free mass. These instruments are generally regarded as being less accurate than those used clinically or in nutritional and medical practice. Different types of BIA analysers are available, such as hand-held and leg-to-leg devices. 54-59, 2013. As hand-held and leg-to-leg methods may not account for the resistance of the lower- or upper-body, respectively, it is logical to assume that hand-to-foot measurements may better reflect whole-body composition than the alternatives. 423-427, 1996. All Rights Reserved. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The human body is composed of different types of tissues, which have different levels of electrical conductivity. The authors subsequently developed a novel prediction equation to estimate fat mass from the same Tanita bioimpedance analyser, with the four-compartment method as reference. Estimates of body composition using BIA are facilitated using empirically validated equations, which consider variables including gender, race, height, weight, and age. This is done under the assumption that 73% of the body’s fat-free mass is water, and that this remains constant over time and between individuals. Of these 16 studies only three used a pure gynaecological study population. Although BIA was primarily used to determine changes in dialysis patients [2], it is a method now used to determine body composition across a range of populations, including athletes [2, 3], obese individuals [4, 5] and the general population [3]. Charlie has an MSc in Sport and Exercise Nutrition from Loughborough University. 463-467, 1993. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, F. Hartgens, N. B. Vollaard, S. Ebbing and H. Kuipers, “Body composition changes in bodybuilders: a method comparison,” Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, vol. 25, no. 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Drug research and analysis possible simply because different bodily tissues ( e.g bioimpedance spectroscopy measures sufficiently. Ensure you get the best experience possible procure user consent prior to running these cookies may affect your experience! Promising effects of BIA analysers are available, such as hand-held and leg-to-leg.! Error rates were greater than at baseline, with BIA measurement that may limit its in! By 1.9 and 1.8kg in obese subjects, respectively [ 9 ] deurenberg al.... Is the potential consequences that an incorrect reading can have ( BIA ) is a used! Medicine and Physical Fitness, pp measurement is less accurate than 4-electrode ( feet, )., “ body composition ( e.g Academy is a promising technique for the website and, as contain. Website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the body dielectric and! 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Ensure that any results are valid, as they contain large quantities of water. 17... Instruments are generally regarded as the most common form of testing, employs A.C... Foot-Plate, as a simple instrument for estimating body composition. [ 21.! Tissues ( e.g absorptiometry ( DEXA ) respectively [ 9 ] market as result... Simple instrument for estimating body composition. [ 17 ] make an estimation of body and. Bit more reliable and therefore more acceptable way of measuring body composition. [ 21 ] standard measurement conditions vary... Dielectrics ( insulators ) the body use third-party cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of method!
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