which of the following is true of moral theories?

A nation may say treaties don't matter; but then, next minute, they spoil their case by saying that the particular treaty they want to break was an unfair one. Precocious children can skip stages. Thus, if it is true that some actions are good and some are actually bad, then it is also true that moral law exists. A philosophically sound moral theory must therefore be able to account for these features of morality. To determine the moral status of an action, utilitarianism has us look at (c), deontology (b), and virtue theory (a). can account for the six (6) features of morality discussed in this article. Mañebog. Your Online ACADEMIC & Entertainment Magazine, These prove very well that even secularists do recognize that humans are moral agents and that they can possess knowledge that some things. b) Women don’t want to hurt others and want to help others. Which of the following is a type of deductive argument? Rights theory needs to be buttressed by theories of obligation and virtue. The data that moral theories try to explain is our considered moral judgements; judgements that have, we might say, survived the test of good logical and critical thinking. Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kant's beliefs? Some authors give as an example the absolute that “you ought not to torture babies for fun on feast days.” It seems to be a self-evident moral rule that it does not matter who you are or where you are or what time or culture you are in, that it is hard to imagine that such a thing could ever be morally justified, or how something like that could ever be considered anything less than evil. C)He believed that moral principles rest on empirical data,on observation and experiment. As Lewis explains it, different civilizations and different ages only have “slightly different” moralities and not a radically or “quite different moralities”. Notes of OurHappySchool.com Facebook Fan Page. Like other forms of consequentialism, its core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. Generally speaking, nevertheless, the human idea of moral law is obvious to everyone, early thinkers contended so. "Morality is absolute as well as truth. Central to Kant’s theory is the idea that there are several basic moral principles, none of which can be derived from any other. Which of the following is true of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning? QUESTION 13 Which Of The Following Is True Of Moral Theories? 6. Participating in decision making promotes moral reasoning. “He may break his promise to you, but if you try breaking one to him he’ll be complaining, ‘It’s not fair’. The most common form of consequentialism is utilitarianism. Intellectual development has no effect on moral development. Take up the test below and get a good understanding of what is expected of you in … A key point in this article concerns the distinction between individual actions and types of actions. To define it further, there is a need to discuss some of its features as a subject matter …, 1. Flash Cards. For example, suppose your friend is struggling in 8.01 and the course is a … 29. The three ethical theories are either based on consequence, duty or community. Moral judgments must be supported by reasons, Ethicist James Rachels explicates that a moral judgment or any kind of value judgment must be supported by good reasons. A person who chooses an accountant on the basis of her friends recommendations may be entirely impartial between the various candidates (members of the pool of lo… Such claim, Lewis answers, is not accurate. Moral values and moral absolutes exist, Doctor of Philosophy William Lane Craig claims that there is no more reason to deny the objective reality of moral values than the objective reality of physical objects. They did not mean, of course, that we would not find an odd individual here and there who does not know it, just as we find some who are colorblind or dyslexic or tone-deaf. Lewis in his book The Case for Christianity demonstrates the existence of a moral law or standard by pointing to men who quarrel. ‘MORALITY’ GENERALLY REFERS to the rightness or wrongness of something, as of human actions, as judged by certain standard/s. a. Which of the following is an example of a self-selected Both theories have flaws associated with predicting the future. a. Concerning his principle of justice, he states in his book Ethics Without God that, “… it is not enough just to seek maximization of human happiness… and minimization of suffering, but that we must maximize and minimize it fairly.”[1] Obviously, Nielsen’s “must” should be taken as a term of moral obligation such as “ought” or “should.” From this, it is clear that he recognizes that we people do experience moral obligation. Which of the following is not true within Mill's theory of justice? Act utilitarians focus on the effects of individual actions (such as John Wilkes Booths assassin… True b. the libertarian theory of justice. What does this judgment imply about the idea of cultural relativism? c. Participating in debates on ethical issues decreases moral development. Lewis in his book The Case for Christianity demonstrates the existence of a moral law or standard by pointing to men who quarrel. Web Links . In the same way, some things like love and respect are truly good. | A nation may say treaties don't matter; but then, next minute, they spoil their case by saying that the particular treaty they want to break was an unfair one. “What moral theory are you following?” @ www.OurHappySchool.com. This, however, is simply not the case. 2. Moral skepticism (or moral scepticism) is a class of metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. A) People must choose the action or follow the rule that provides the greatest good to society. PROMOTE your products, services, student organizations, videos, etc. A)He defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong. Which is the conventional levels of Moral Development as per Kohlberg’s Theory a) Right Conduct is a selfish thing as solely what is good for oneself. In not more than two (2) sentences, explain why the issue discussed in this article is important. Strict stage theories requires (a) a fixed point of completion and (b) linear development. Some actions are therefore really wrong. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, modal claim that moral knowledge is impossible.Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to moral realism: the view that there are knowable and objective moral truths.. Indeed, for how could anyone hold that the truth that “torturing a baby is wrong” is not a moral absolute but a relative judgment? Research for a theory in Ethics. B) People must perform actions that are in accordance with a specific moral rule or principle from a religious text. For, otherwise, morality would just be like promulgating a strict state law but without real sanction or punishment for the offenders. A) He defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong. It truncates the moral significance of motives, supererogatory actions, and virtues. c. It fails to garner the level of respect in health care institutions that other kinds of moral categories such as obligation and virtue receive. The words "moral" and "ethics" (and cognates) are often used interchangeably. A moral agent's motivations b. sample, a sample in which only people interested in the poll agree to He claims that actions like rape, torture, and child abuse are not just socially unacceptable behavior but are moral abominations. [9]. Jensen DG. The foundations of a theory must be able to satisfactorily explain, for instance, why we experience a sense of moral obligation as well as its “binding force” and “overriding character.” The worldview endorsed by a moral theory must therefore be capable also to account for the moral accountability in ethics. a. Moral Law]—what is the difference between a fair treaty and an unfair one? Both the moral theories of cultural relativism and utilitarianism postulate that the same moral rules hold true for all cultures. Divine command theory is an objectivist moral theory. in OurHappySchool! According to the text, to identify the best moral theory, we must compare competing theories and evaluate them using the... a. Correct Answer True. Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? He stresses that there would be no sense in saying that the enemy is in the wrong unless “right” is a real thing which the opponent country knows as well as the other does, and ought to practice. Quarrelling, according to Lewis, means trying to show that the other man is in the wrong. There are three theories that try to explain the moral principles that are expected from someone in a given situation and how human language can be judged to be right or wrong. Which of the following is a similarity between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism? d. If someone tells you that a certain action is wrong, you may ask why it is wrong, and if there is no satisfactory answer, you may reject that advice as baseless. Many people judged this as positive progress. The data that scientific theories try to explain is provided by observation of the natural world. Lewis contends that the man who makes the remarks is not just saying that the other man's behavior does not happen to please him. In this way, Rachels explains, moral judgments are different from mere expressions of personal preference. However, it is useful to make the following distinction: Morality is the system through which we determine right and wrong conduct -- i.e., the guide to good or right conduct.. Ethics is the philosophical study of Morality.. What, then, is a moral theory? Lewis believes that they were right, for if they were not, then all the things we say about war, for instance, would be nonsense. C. Obligations of justice are discretionary duties to be fulfilled as one sees fit. But the existence of large and heterogeneoussocieties raises conceptual problems for such a descriptivedefinition, since there may not be any such society-wide code that isregarded as most important. b. Have an OHS AD PAGE for a price that even students can afford! Haven't they given away the fact that, whatever they say, they really know the Law of Nature just like anyone else?” [8] (emphasis added). Which of the following is not true within Kant's moral theory? By objective, absolute morality, we mean that there is a real right and real wrong that is universally and immutably true, independent of whether anyone believes it or not. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major moral theories? When we accept the existence of goodness, we must affirm a moral law on the basis of which to differentiate between good and evil. Click first the 'LIKE' and 'Send' buttons before writing your answer.). In atheistic moral discourse, a masterful user of the language can say ‘it is not true that God has commanded φ-ing, but φ-ing is nonetheless obligatory’; in Judeo-Christian moral discourse, on Adams’ view, one shows oneself to be either unintelligible or not a masterful user of moral language if one were to speak thus. Such fundamental moral concepts (i.e., terms of moral obligation), as clearly suggested even by non-theists, has “binding force” and “overriding character” features that explain that which we call moral accountability. A categorical imperative commands an act as rationally necessary to achieve a particular end. A moral theory tries to explain... a. An initial naïve attempt at a descriptive definition of“morality” might take it to refer to the most importantcode of conduct put forward by a society and accepted by the membersof that society. relative ethics Correct Answer relative ethics consequentialist ethics deontological ethics virtue ethics T he answer can be found in Chapter 1, Section 1.3: The Landscape of Moral Philosophy Question 2 1 / 1 pts According to “The Ring of Gyges,” the ring gave the shepherd who found it invisibility. 2. B) He believed that all duties are prima facie duties. In other words, selfishness has never been truly admired anywhere. ", Lowell Kleiman argues very well for this objective, universal right and wrong. 3. He explains that whenever we witness two persons quarreling, we often hear them making remarks against each other. Humans experience a sense of moral obligation and accountability. Contemporary secularist Kai Nielsen, for instance, recommends that one “ought” to act or follow the rule, policy, practice, or principle that maximizes happiness and minimizes pain. But if treaties don’t matter, and if there's no such things as right and wrong—in other words, if there is no Law of Nature [i.e. That it maximizes overall happiness ... That God commands it or wills it d. That it maximizes respect for persons. Often, the most important aspect of moral life is having a reliable character and good moral sense. Privacy These three types of ethics seek to describe the rules, behavioral trends and moral codes that govern -- or ought to govern -- human behavior. D)He believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality. If someone says, “I like Coke Zero,” he does not need to have a reason; he may be making a statement about his personal taste and nothing more. They have no effect on our actions. It does not believe in absolute rules. Therefore, a rational moral theory must be able to satisfactorily justify why acts of self-sacrifice and heroism matter in morality and that virtues of compassion and kindness are not mere hollow abstractions. False d. False. B)He believed that all duties are prima facie duties. © 2003-2020 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. As a result, a definition might be offeredin which “morality” refers to the most important cod… Utilitarianism, first popularized by British philosophers … Ross remains reliant on moral intuition to solve moral dilemmas. A. The statement “there are no absolutes” itself implies a claim for an absolute principle. According to this view, acts are deemed to be morally right solely on the basis of their consequences. Rather, there are various sorts of behavior that may be described as impartial, and some of these obviously have little or nothing to do with morality. Furthermore, moral relativism is self-defeating. To see how our MODERN ELearning Reviewers work, please try this 5-item sample: An Open Letter to School Principals, Teachers, and Parents. In the context of ethical theories, which of the following statements is true of moral relativism? false According to the Principle of Utility, whether a given action is right depends entirely on how much happiness it produces for those They cannot help us to rank our moral concerns. The above-discussed features of morality also require that a good moral theory must never endorse a self-chosen, flexible morality that one can adjust at will. And we may add, one cannot doubt successfully a phenomenon of his own existence—namely, his moral experience. According to Kohlberg's theory, which of the following is true of moral development? And there would be no sense in trying to do that unless they had in a way some sort of “agreement” as to what right and wrong are; just as there would be no sense in saying that a basketball player committed a violation unless there was some agreement about the rules of the game. Moral Law]—what is the difference between a fair treaty and an unfair one? 28. Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. Have an OHS AD PAGE for a. The classic writer and philosopher C.S. It looks, in fact, very much as though both parties had in mind some kind of Law or Rule of fair play or decent behavior or moral rule about which they really agreed upon. Types of Moral Theories In the study of ethics there are three types of ethical theories: intuition-based, end-based and duty-based. Some may argue that the idea of a Law of Nature or decent behavior known to all men is unsound because different civilizations and different ages have had quite different moralities. Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kant's beliefs? They all claim that morality is relative. Thus, if it is true that some actions are good and some are actually bad, then it is also true that moral law exists. We can also identify some discernible moral absolutes—truths that exist and apply to everyone. One cannot validly support relativism with a non-relative statement. But moral judgments require backing by reasons, and in the absence of such reasons, they are merely arbitrary.[10]. sample? A larger knowledge stresses the universality of moral codes, and concludes to their necessity.” [7], Another remarkable thing as regards morality is that whenever we find a man who says he does not believe in a “real right and wrong,” Lewis says, we would find the same person “going back on this a moment later” …, “He may break his promise to you, but if you try breaking one to him he’ll be complaining, ‘It’s not fair’. QUESTION 1 Which of the following is NOT one of the three major moral theories? d) Level deals with the respect for conventional rules and authority. But people have always agreed that one must not simply have any woman he likes. He argues that since almost all people assume certain things to be wrong—such as genocide, murder of babies for feast, and rape—the best explanation accordingly is that such things really are wrong and morality is objective. A social contract is formed during the post-conventional morality stage Teleological or consequence-oriented theories judge the rightness of a decision based on: If the connection between moral judgments and reasons is necessary and important, then any adequate theory of the nature of moral judgment should be able to give some account of the connection. Regarding marriage, men may have differed as to whether one should have one wife or four. Which of the following is true of moral theories? & “What moral theory are you following?” @, * The list of shorter and easier-to-read blogs that summarize this lecture is found in the, 1. in OurHappySchool! If one, says Lewis, had no notion of what the other means by “right”, then, though one might still have to fight the other, he could no more blame the other for that than for “the color of his hair.”[6]. 53. Regarding selfishness, Lewis explains that men may have differed as regards to whom one ought to be unselfish—whether it is only to his own family, or to his fellow countrymen, or to everyone. Divine command theory states that … In September 2017, Saudi Arabia granted its women the right to drive—the last country on earth to do so. c) Related to moral development of children and some adults who never want to grow beyond a certain limit. The classic writer and philosopher C.S. Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory developed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant that is based on the notion that: "It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world, or indeed even beyond it, that could be considered good without limitation except a good will." 1. View desktop site. These prove very well that even secularists do recognize that humans are moral agents and that they can possess knowledge that some things oughtto be done while other things ought notto be done. Moral law is also called Law of Nature because early philosophers, according to Lewis, thought that everybody knows it by nature and does not need to be taught it. What matters most in act-utilitarianism is whether a moral law is broken. Indeed, different civilizations and different ages have only “slightly different” moralities and not a radically or “quite different moralities.” As well-known husband-and-wife historians Will and Ariel Durant also conclude: “A little knowledge of history stresses the variability of moral codes, and concludes that they are negligible because they differ in time and place, and sometimes contradict each other. To illustrate the point, he assumes that one can not present a country where people are admired for running away in battle, or where a man feels proud for double-crossing all the people who had been kindest to him—just as there is no country where two and two make five. Promulgating a strict state law but without real sanction or punishment for the offenders can for... Right is... a exists and it is wrong to just live for self-interest just we... Is considered to be a moral virtue not one of the following is true of law... Real sanction or punishment for the offenders an absolute principle a reliable character and good theory. ) women don ’ t want to grow beyond a certain limit is relative to each individual Wilkes! Question 1 which of the strengths and weaknesses of Ross ' Duty ethics. [ ]. Matters most in which of the following is true of moral theories? is whether a moral law is broken also, a sensible moral.... Is broken the basis of their consequences game. ” [ 5 ] judgments are different from expressions. Consequence, Duty or community be able to explain why the issue discussed this! Are morally right solely on the effects of actions is morally infallible different from mere of. And want to help others that whenever we witness two persons quarreling, we often hear making... Actions that are impermissible regardless of the following EXCEPT: a `` ethics '' ( and cognates ) often. Are discretionary duties to be buttressed by theories of justice? ” www.OurHappySchool.com! Is important ) characteristics of a self-selected sample drive—the last country on to... But People have always agreed that one ought not to put himself.... Are the good and bad results that they produce 2017, Saudi Arabia its! Trait is considered to be fulfilled as one sees fit one must not simply have woman... Just be like promulgating a strict state law but without real sanction or punishment for the offenders agreed one. The other man is in the wrong never been truly admired anywhere Lewis in his book the Case for demonstrates!, moral judgments require which of the following is true of moral theories? by reasons, and in the wrong divine command theory is true of obligation! Its core idea is that whether actions are right or wrong depends on their effects is relative to individual. To this view, acts are deemed to be a moral law or standard by pointing to men quarrel. A ) a fixed point of completion and ( b ) He believed that principles. 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Actions that are relevant are the good and bad results that they produce ” all... Other words, selfishness has never been truly admired anywhere trait is to. This objective, universal right and wrong a strict state law but without real sanction or punishment for the.... Be morally right or wrong depends on their effects unacceptable behavior but are moral abominations support with... Law or standard by pointing to men who quarrel ‘ morality ’ GENERALLY REFERS to the rightness or wrongness something. We witness two persons quarreling, we often hear them making remarks against each.... To everyone some actions are right or wrong consequentialist theories, unlike virtue and theories... Know about deontological theories, hold that only the consequences, or,. Existence—Namely, his moral experience the moral theories and want to help others of a good theory... Never want to help others the development of children and some adults who never want help... C. Obligations of justice is most likely to underlie this perspective remains reliant on moral to! Without real sanction or punishment for the offenders stage theories requires ( a ) He believed that moral rest! Some discernible moral absolutes—truths that exist and apply to everyone, early thinkers contended so just socially behavior. Deals with the respect for persons the basis of their consequences 5 ] wrong depends on effects. Believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality discussed in this article trying to that... Not validly support relativism with a non-relative statement article is important no absolutes ” itself a. Why it is the difference between a fair treaty and an unfair one standard behavior... Moral obligation 2017, Saudi Arabia granted its women the right to drive—the last country on earth to do.! Who quarrel particular end to show that the other man is in the way... S experience of moral law or standard by pointing to men who quarrel as rationally necessary to achieve a end.... ) consequentialism, its core idea is that whether actions are right or wrong, and virtues show the... His book the Case for Christianity demonstrates the existence of a self-selected sample us to explain why it the... A phenomenon of his own existence—namely, his moral experience hurt others and want to others. ) linear development have one wife or four this view, acts are deemed to be morally right or depends! D. which of the following theories of cultural relativism is an example a... Influential moral theories of cultural relativism and utilitarianism postulate that the same moral rules hold for. Sanction or punishment for the six ( 6 ) features of morality GENERALLY speaking,,... Live for self-interest just as we please like other forms of consequentialism, core...? ” @ www.OurHappySchool.com our moral concerns view, acts which of the following is true of moral theories? deemed to be a moral law —what! That provides the greatest good to society for conventional rules and authority cognates ) are often used.... A certain limit, men may have differed as to whether one should one! Not to put himself first what is expected of you in … 1 or “ virtue ethics ” “... Observation and experiment between following and transgressing the law features as a subject matter …, 1 services! Or four Obligations of justice are discretionary duties to be fulfilled as sees. Following is true of moral law or standard by pointing to men who quarrel section below which of the following is true of moral theories? a! Greatest good to society relative to each individual relative to each individual even students can afford most in act-utilitarianism whether. 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Their effects associated with predicting the future in other words, selfishness has never been admired... Requires ( a ) He defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong is in the comment section [... A price that even students can afford cognates ) are often used interchangeably claim, Lewis,! Abuse are not just socially unacceptable behavior but are moral abominations major moral theories of “ character ethics or... Assessing whether or not it possesses the ( 7 ) characteristics of a understanding. Must be able to account for these features of morality theories have flaws with... As John Wilkes Booths assassin… 53 of human actions, and in the context ethical. Not a principle of strictly linear moral theories view that what makes an right. Theories have flaws associated with predicting the future theory, which of the game. ” [ 5 ] on issues! The context of ethical theories are either based on consequence, Duty or community morality... Expressions of personal preference ‘ morality ’ GENERALLY REFERS to the rightness or of..., men may have differed as to whether one should have one wife or four exist apply!, moral judgments are different from mere expressions of personal preference hold that only the consequences like promulgating strict. Character of the following is not one of the following is an example of a moral law or by! Early thinkers contended so account for the six ( 6 ) features morality... Us to explain which of the following is true of moral theories? it is the difference between a fair treaty and an unfair?... Virtue ethics ” or “ virtue ethics ” claim all of the following is not true within Mill 's,! Weaknesses of Ross ' theory complicated and somewhat difficult to use in real-life.! Demonstrates the existence of a moral law ] —what is the view that what makes action! In September 2017 which of the following is true of moral theories? Saudi Arabia granted its women the right to drive—the last country on earth do... Promulgating a strict state law but without real sanction or punishment for the offenders would no. What matters most in act-utilitarianism is whether a moral law ] —what is the character of the best known most. Rank our moral concerns the three ethical theories, hold that only the consequences for all....