low all across the highlands, where a few days of frost are, commonly recorded every year. framework of international climate organizations. Conclusion: Climate change in Ethiopia Climate change is already taking place now, thus past and present changes help to indicate possible future changes. Drought-related disasters could be mitigated by warnings if skillful summer rainfall predictions were possible with sufficient lead time. The highest annual rainfall is recorded at Gore, in the, western highlands at an altitude of 2,002 m a.s.l., with, 2,101 mm, whereas the lowest value in Ethiopia is found at, Elidar with 153 mm. In six out of ten stations, a moderate to marked, 81.1 mm, and in two of them (Adami Tulu and Kassala), it, Mean annual temperatures recorded at eight meteo-stations with long data records relative to two distinct intervals, 1953, Rainfall anomalies obtained by averaging the annual, cant correlation was found for rainfall at. This study was conducted to examine the trends of past precipitation and temperature extremes over three eco-environments in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the time series trend. These parameters were also used to update the Köppen classification of the Ethiopian territory. also the data of the following three decades as far as 2010. precipitation in Ethiopia and related problems, such as, extreme rains, droughts, trend variations, and, evapotranspiration, whereas the spatial and temporal distri-, bution of temperatures have not been widely and satisfac-, torily analyzed. The forms of precipitation are: rain, drizzle, hail, ice pellets, snow, snow pellets, and grains. In all three, 1984 stands out as the driest year on record due to very low rainfall during the Krempt season, whilst 1999's Belg season was the driest on record. This presentation attempts to revise the knowledge of the climate of, ). Other, extremes, but their paper is focused on 5 days consecutive, Notwithstanding the awareness of data limitations, the, approach of this paper attempts to complement the analyses, of seasonal and spatial variability reported in previous, As an alternative to the manipulation of data beyond any, and limitation and the need for the time series as longest as, possible, in order to attain a certain degree of coherence with, the actual physical phenomena, the following procedure was, used. Int J Climatol 33:1924, Korecha D, Barnston AG (2007) Predictability of June, rainfall in Ethiopia. The findings of this study are useful to better understand the nature of adaptive capacity and its components at the household level. Nevertheless, also using daily, some general results can be drawn. was established in 1964, under the Civil Aviation Authority. Elsewhere, southeastern, winds rise in latitude along the Sudanese border as far as, Tana Lake, whereas in the southernmost areas they are, replaced by winds from the second quadrant. By contrast, the annual thermal amplitude is, ). The maximum and minimum cloudiness occurs during the, rainy season and the boreal winter, respectively. Figure, shows that higher precipitation occurs in the western part of, Ethiopia and is partly irrespective of the station altitude. A major challenge to climate-related research is the lack of a well-documented historical climate dataset. In resource limited conditions, computing the spatial distribution of soil erosion risk has become an essential and practical mechanism to implement soil conservation measures. The minimum temperatures increased at a higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, summer, autumn and also at the annual timescale. Volcanic aquifers are sources of groundwater for both urban and rural areas. Sea surface temperature changes and El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans do have remarkable implication in the timing and amount of rainfall in Ethiopia (Shanko and Camberlin, 1998, NMA, 2007, Daniel, 2011, Kassa, 2015). We recommend strategies designed in the agricultural sector have to take the declining and erratic nature of rainfall and increasing trend of temperature into consideration. ), which is con-, ) measured a mean annual temperature of 34.7, C were commonly recorded in the Samoti plai, ). Along the Eritrean coast and, for a few kilometers inland, night advection fogs may, commonly form and turn into morning drizzle, integrating. southwestern winds are more common. A monthly precipitation data set for 14 homogeneous rainfall zones was constructed based on 174 gauges, and the standardized precipitation index was calculated on seasonal, annual, and biannual time scales. A study on extreme rainfall, and dry spell events across the same 1965, based upon the same time series, has been carried out by, though weak, trends in extreme precipitation for both the, high variability for both rainfall seasons. These authors also, In a more recent study on the upper Blue Nile, based on statistical and geostatistical techniques and gridded, data, reconstructed from NMA weather stations and meteo-, rological satellite records, Mengistu et al. Many other records, started during the 1980s, following the impulse from the, Ethiopian Government to expand the network, partly in, response to the mid-1980s drought. These points were reclassified into the three districts (Woredas in Amharic) studied having different agroecologies by extraction techniques with ArcGIS 10.1 and converted into raster to generate surface data using simple krigging interpolation technique. These data derived from. Lapse rate for maximum mean and minimum mean annual temperatures, Mean maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at Dire Dawa and Bahir Dar, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Carlo Bisci, All content in this area was uploaded by Carlo Bisci on Feb 19, 2016, Massimiliano Fazzini, Carlo Bisci, and Paolo Billi, Several papers have been published on different issues regarding the climate of Ethiopia or of, Ethiopia by means of updated, longer time series and including a larger number of meteo-, stations than previous studies. The models were visually compared with the map of potential vegetation. This study suggests the need for an integrated assessment and enhancement of adaptive capacity with all its components rather than focusing only on asset possession as an indicator of adaptive capacity. enced by local orographic or morphologic factors. ability of physiography and orography of Ethiopia is re, in the complex spatial distribution of precipitation and tem-, in mind such a complexity, large sets of data and long, series for the main climatic parameters are required to produce, an updated description of the climate of Ethiopia and, possi-, bly, of its variations through time. Out of the total area; 7% was in very sever class, 4.8% was found in the sever and 8.7% was categorized in very high range. Memoir N.7, the Provisional Military Government of Socialist, Cheung WH, Senay GB, Singh A (2008) Trends and spatial distribution, of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia. Rainfall anomaly patterns can be predicted with some skill within a short lead time of the summer season, based on emerging ENSO developments. Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography. The results suggest that current improved malt barley varieties can be targeted for scaling out in the identified land suitability classes in the highlands of Ethiopia. Satellite and reanalysis climate products were used to fill in the missing data in the time series after a thorough evaluation and bias correction to the latter dataset. Figure 4: Map showing the estimated distribution of groundwater availability in Ethiopia . On the other hand, significant spatiotemporal variability in the maximum and minimum temperatures is observed across the study area. The result revealed intra- and inter-annual variability of rainfall while Palmer drought severity index value proved the increasing trend of the number of drought years. Nevertheless, some general. The transition between lowlands, highlands is commonly very sharp, resulting in a variety of, climates, from very arid to very humid typical of equatorial, mountains, with further differentiation at local scale. Precipitation here is about 1058 mm | 41.7 inch per year. Low Temp: 48 °F. Groundwater storage and flow is controlled by intensity and interconnection of fractures. are characterized, by annual PET values less than 1,000 mm, whereas pre-. (the main, monsoon-type rainy season in the local language, rainfall in the local language) rainfall totals and rainy days, over the largest part of Ethiopia. Any complete model should consider, among other factors, the multi-phase tectonic history and antithetic fault activity of the margin. Int J Climatol 28:1723, Conway D (2000a) Some aspects of climate variability in the north east. Mean annual temperatures are around 15‐20˚C in these high altitude regions, whilst 25‐30˚C in the lowlands. and in a few areas of the Semen and, Bale Mountains, the climate becomes relatively cold with, higher than 3,300 m a.s.l., the climate is characterized by very, the peaks of the intertropical massifs. This paper presents a review of climate variability in the northeast Ethiopian Highlands, particularly Wollo and Tigray, during the last 10000 years (the Holocene) and an analysis of rainfall variability during the historical period. Unfortunately, most of the climate databases in developing countries have a critical data quality problem (missing data in time series and inhomogeneity). mate to that typical of equatorial mountains. available data with the maps of the National Atlas (1988), some considerations on the spatial distribution of this, water vapor. winds blowing from northeast to southwest. At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 °C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of the Basin experienced declining trends on annual and seasonal timescales. The former increases at a rate twice as much, higher than the latter. The mean maximum. Eastern Ethiopia is typically warm and … The data were derived from a survey of 413 households randomly selected from four Kebeles (the smallest government administrative units) in the CRV. highest rainfall intensity in 24 h ever recorded, return time for a rainfall intensity of 100 mm in 24 h, and, plateau margin, respectively. The mountains located in the center of Ethiopia have a climate with a rainy season and a dry season. The average annual temperature in Lemmi is 17.4 °C | 63.2 °F. These parameters were also used to update the K, Ethiopian territory. Several papers have been published on different issues regarding the climate of Ethiopia or of some specific region. Conway D (2000b) Climate and hydrology of the upper blue Nile river. Annual, belg and kiremt rainfall have decreased with a rate of 15.03, 1.93 and 13.12 mm per decade respectively. Rainfall observations originate from at least six different sites. This study, however, does not cover the wide, diversity of topography and landscapes of Ethiopia; there-, fore, its results cannot be considered as representative for the, amount and rainy days changes across the country is based, on the data from 11 meteo-stations spanning the 1965. interval. 2013;Trewin 2017;Zahradníček et al. The aim of this chapter, is therefore to update the knowledge of the main character-, istics of the climate of Ethiopia and to analyze the occur-, rence of climate change trends on the base of time series. In contrast, the parts of Afar that represent (future) passive margins and thus provide unique research opportunities (i.e., the SAM and WAM, Figure 2) receive relatively little attention, partially due to the often challenging geographical, climatological, and political conditions in Ethiopia and Eritrea (e.g., ... South Gondar Zone has a mean yearly precipitation of 1300 mm, (National meteorology agency). soon-type rains, whereas the milder months are in spring. This rain gauge is located in, triangle at an elevation of 423 m s.l.m., but the driest, Asab, in Eritrea, with only 45 mm. At 1,000 m, the mean values are close to 30. mainly, in the steppe areas and the Danakil Desert (Fig. 2014). highlands and the lowlands close to the Sudan border receive, more than 7 h of mean daily sunshine, whereas from, to the southeast of the country the respective value increases, commonly recorded in Tigray and Ogaden. This study aims to quantify the meteorological component of this and other drought episodes in Ethiopia since 1971. The study output could deliver watershed management experts and policy makers for better management implementation and resource allocation based on the local context. Temperature in Ethiopia averaged 23.02 celsius from 1850 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 26.20 celsius in April of 2011 and a record low of 20.08 celsius in December of 1907. Pearson correlation revealed that belg rainy day (r = 0.55) had a positive strong correlation with coffee yield. Bollett Soc, Viste E, Korecha D, Sorteberg A (2013) Recent drought and, precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia. of rainfall variability in terms of geographic position. At lower elevations, the temperatures notice-. See more current weather × Annual Weather Averages Near Addis Ababa. Bega season experienced statistically significant deceasing trend in the maximum temperature at p = 0.01 level. Figure. In Ethiopia, one of the hottest areas of the planet is found: sidered the hottest, inhabited place of the world, Pedgley, (personal communication), in November 2007, temperatures, Ethiopia and adjoining areas. The main factors considered for analysis include rainfall and temperature during the growing period, length of growing period, digital elevation models, (altitude and slope data) and soil characteristics (types, pH, depth, texture and drainage). not a cyclone-genetic area and, as pointed out in Sect. The most, relevant change is observed at Gambela with an increase of, the reasons explained above, is highly questionable and is to, be taken just as a mere indication.
The proportion of medically attended influenza positive cases and incidence rate of ILI was determined using total admitted patients and catchment area population. Trends were evaluated from slopes of regression lines using the least squares method. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate change and variability on coffee yield in Deder District. However, trends of rainfall events such as onset date, cessation date, LGP, and dry spell length were changed significantly in most stations, which agreed with the farmers’ perception. Such constraint is particularly relevant, ll data gaps, and a correlation as low as, dence and notwithstanding the existing gaps, score has been calculated by averaging the, scores has been considered appropriate to reduce the effect, and in the northeastern lowlands, Tigray and, ). Several studies on the climate of Ethiopia have been, published throughout the past two centuries (see the next, sections), but only very few of them bene, inherent, ongoing expansion of the time series in re, variability. Rainfall showed statistically non-significant increasing trends of 35 mm per decade at the annual timescale. The results indicated positive trends for maximum value of the maximum temperature (TXx), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p) and warm spell duration indicators (WSDI) and negative trends for cool days (TX10p), cool nights (TN10p) and cold spell duration indicators (CSDI) in more than 8 of the 11 stations studied. is sensitive to the weather and climate. 196 0 obj
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For, these reasons, modern investigations on the general, teristics of the climate of Ethiopia are missing, with, exception of the National Meteorological Agency publica-, description of the climate across the whole country, though, limited to the end of the second millennium and early, beginning of the third. In summer, the Guinean monsoon, consisting of, equatorial warm and humid winds, results in bountiful rains, Such a complex meteorological framework is re, the distribution of annual precipitation. In the highlands, the coldest month is in the middle of. In, lowing these considerations, a physiographic factor (, developed. Mon Weather Rev 135(2):628–650 CrossRef Google Scholar. In the 2007 NMA report, temperature data are considered, maximum temperature, respectively, are presented. Figure 2: Food security is closely tied to rainfall dynamics in Ethiopia. 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